Molecular mechanisms of autoimmunity triggered by microbial infection

Autoimmunity can be triggered by microbial infection. In this
context, the discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) provides new
insights and research perspectives. TLRs induce innate and adaptive
antimicrobial immune responses upon exposure to common
pathogen-associated molecules, including lipopeptides,
lipopolysaccharides, and nucleic acids. They also have the
potential, however, to trigger autoimmune disease, as has been
revealed by an increasing number of experimental reports. This
review summarizes important facts about TLR biology, available data
on their role in autoimmunity, and potential consequences for the
management of patients with autoimmune disease.