Innate versus adaptive immunity in kidney immunopathology

Most kidney disorders involve some degree of inflammation, i.e.
induction of pro-inflammatory mediators and leukocyte recruitment.
But what are the factors that determine inflammation as a trigger
or a consequence of kidney injury? Which types of renal
inflammation can be targeted by the novel more selective
immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents? How to dissect the
mechanisms behind innate and adaptive immune responses that are
orchestrated inside or outside the kidney but both cause renal
immunopathology i.e. renal inflammation? How to dissect leukocytic
cell infiltrates into pro-inflammatory leukocytes from
anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative leukocytes? How to dissect
leukocytes that support epithelial repair from those that promote
renal fibrosis. The term `renal inflammation' has moved far beyond
the descriptive category of `mixed leukocytic cell infiltrates' as
commonly described in kidney biopsies. It is time to face the
complexity of renal inflammation to finally benefit from the new
age of novel immunomodulatory medicines.